Three developments have opened

Three developments have opened the door for Kazakhstan’s growing ability to challenge the dominance of Russia’s Caspian Flotilla on the inland sea and become the dominant naval force on the body of water. These include Moscow’s transfer of many of the flotilla’s vessels to the Sea of Azov as part of its war against Ukraine; the drying up of the sea itself, which means there are an increasing number of places its larger ships cannot operate; and Kazakhstan’s ambitious naval construction program, which Türkiye and most recently by the United Arab Emirates are aiding (see EDM, August 1, 2023; Window on Eurasia, March 27, September 21, 2024; Nezavisimaya Gazeta, January 15; Orda.kz, January 16). สล็อต